For many UK businesses, electricity costs and carbon reporting have become harder to manage at the same time. Research shows that 62% of UK companies say unstable energy prices are now affecting profitability and competitiveness, while capital is often needed elsewhere.
Solar power purchase agreements (solar PPAs) are one way businesses are addressing these challenges. It allows a solar system to be installed on a site without the business paying for it upfront. The system is owned and operated by a third party, and the business buys the electricity it generates under a long-term contract.
This guide explains what a solar PPA is, how it works in practice, the commercial terms that typically apply, and when it is (and isn’t) likely to be suitable for a UK business. Businesses looking to explore how this model is implemented in practice can find more detail on Power Zero’s solar PPA solutions.
What is a Solar Power Purchase Agreement (Solar PPA)?
A Solar Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is a financial arrangement that allows businesses to install solar panels on their premises without the need for significant upfront investments. Instead of purchasing the solar panels outright, the business enters into an agreement with a solar energy provider, in this case Power-Zero, to generate electricity from the solar panels installed on their property. The business then purchases the electricity produced by these panels at a predetermined rate over a fixed term, typically ranging from 10 to 25 years.
During that time, the solar PV system is funded, owned and maintained by a third-party provider, while the business pays only for the electricity it actually uses.
In practice, this means the cost and responsibility of installing and running the solar PV system sits with the provider, not the business. The electricity generated on site is usually cheaper than grid electricity, and the price is agreed at the start of the contract, which can reduce exposure to future energy price volatility.
For UK businesses, a solar PPA usually means:
- lower electricity costs for the portion of power generated on site, compared with buying all electricity from the grid
- a known price for that electricity over the life of the contract, reducing exposure to market volatility
- no capital expenditure on solar equipment or installation
- no responsibility for operating, maintaining or insuring the system
At the end of the agreement, contracts typically give the business the option to extend the PPA, purchase the system, or have it removed from the site. A solar PPA is not a lease and not an asset purchase. It is an electricity supply arrangement designed to reduce costs and risk without adding operational complexity.
At Power-Zero we finance all of our solar PPA projects. This removes any issues that you could encounter with third party lenders and ensures that you only sign a contract with us.
Onsite vs offsite solar PPAs
This guide focuses on onsite, behind-the-meter solar PPAs, where electricity is generated and used at the same location. Offsite or virtual PPAs are structured differently. They are typically financial contracts linked to remote renewable assets and wholesale market prices, and they involve a different set of commercial, accounting and risk considerations.
How Does a Solar PPA Work?
1. System assessment and installation
Under an onsite solar power purchase agreement, a solar PV system is installed on a business’s building or land by the third-party provider. The system is designed around the site’s electricity demand and physical constraints, with the aim of using as much of the generated power on site as possible.
The provider funds the system and manages installation, including electrical works and grid connection requirements. The business does not pay upfront for the equipment. For example, under Power-Zero’s PPA model, the business does not pay upfront for the equipment and does not take on responsibility for operating the system.
2. Electricity generation and on-site use
Once the solar panels are installed, the system generates electricity during daylight hours. That electricity is used directly by the site, reducing the amount of power that needs to be imported from the grid.
When solar generation is higher than demand, export may occur depending on the site configuration and agreement. When generation is lower than demand, the site continues to draw electricity from its existing supplier as normal.
3. Purchasing electricity under the PPA
The business pays for the solar electricity it uses under the terms of the PPA, typically at a pre-agreed price per kilowatt-hour. Pricing is set at the start of the contract and may be fixed or indexed. Charges are based on metered consumption, not on system size or theoretical output.
4. Operation, maintenance and performance
Because the solar system is owned by the PPA provider, responsibility for operation, monitoring, maintenance and insurance sits with them for the duration of the contract. The business does not need to manage the asset or plan for maintenance costs.
In practice, the PPA sits alongside an existing electricity supply contract. It reduces the volume of grid electricity a site needs to buy, rather than replacing the grid entirely.
Benefits of Solar PPAs for UK Businesses
Lower and more predictable electricity costs
For most businesses, the main benefit of a solar PPA is cost savings. By buying electricity generated on site, rather than purchasing all power from the grid, businesses can reduce the average price they pay for electricity over time.
This is particularly relevant for sectors with high, consistent daytime consumption such as:
Solar PPA prices are typically set below grid electricity rates because the cost of generating power from solar is known upfront and not exposed to wholesale market volatility. While savings vary by site and usage profile, organisations with consistent daytime demand tend to see the strongest financial impact. Importantly, the price of solar electricity is agreed at the start of the contract, providing long-term visibility over a portion of energy spend.
No upfront capital expenditure
Under a solar PPA, the provider funds the design, installation and operation of the solar PV system. This removes the need for capital investment and avoids tying up cash in energy infrastructure. For many mid-sized and large organisations, this is less about affordability and more about capital discipline. Solar PPAs allow businesses to benefit from onsite generation while preserving capital for core operations, growth projects or higher-return investments.
Reduced risk to energy market volatility
Grid electricity prices in the UK are influenced by wholesale markets, network charges and policy costs, all of which can change over time. A solar PPA does not eliminate exposure to the grid, but it can reduce reliance on it. By fixing or indexing the price of onsite solar electricity over a long-term contract, businesses gain a degree of protection against future price rises. This can make budgeting and forecasting more straightforward, particularly for energy-intensive sites.
This concern is widespread, with research showing that two-thirds of UK firms are worried about the future availability and reliability of energy supply.
Support for carbon reduction and ESG reporting
Electricity generated by onsite solar can contribute to reducing a business’s market-based Scope 2 emissions. For organisations with ESG targets or reporting obligations, this can play a practical role in decarbonisation plans. A solar PPA is not a complete solution to carbon reduction, but it provides a tangible, auditable source of renewable electricity that can sit alongside energy efficiency measures and wider procurement strategies.
According to EY, 69% of UK businesses plan to increase their focus on electrification and emissions reduction over the next three years, often alongside efforts to control energy costs.
Lower operational and technical risk
Because the solar PV system is owned and operated by the PPA provider, responsibility for performance, maintenance, monitoring and insurance sits with them for the duration of the contract. This reduces operational complexity for the business and avoids the need to develop in-house expertise to manage the asset. Performance risk is typically addressed within the contract, rather than being borne by the customer.
Increased resilience through onsite generation
While solar PPAs are not designed as backup power solutions, generating electricity on site can reduce dependence on the grid during daylight hours. For some businesses, this added resilience is a secondary but valuable benefit, particularly when combined with other energy management measures.
Typical commercial terms
| Topic | What to expect |
| PPA price | Price paid per kWh of solar electricity. Usually fixed, inflation-linked, or a mix. Commonly set below long-term grid electricity prices. |
| Contract length | Typically 10–25 years. Longer terms often support lower prices but require longer site commitment. |
| Electricity volume | Payment is based on metered solar electricity used on site. Systems are sized to maximise self-consumption. |
| Operation and maintenance | Included in the PPA price. The provider is responsible for monitoring, maintenance, repairs and insurance. |
| Performance | Contracts set availability or output expectations, with regular reporting and remedies if performance is consistently below target. |
| Ownership | The provider owns the system during the contract. End-of-term options usually include extension, purchase, or removal. |
| Price indexation | Where prices increase, this is usually linked to inflation (commonly CPI). Some contracts limit annual increases. |
| Renewable certificates | The contract defines how renewable certificates (such as REGOs) are treated for reporting and ESG purposes. |
Solar PPA eligibility checks
Solar PPAs are not suitable for every building. In many cases, however, it is possible to make an early judgement based on a small number of practical factors.
A solar PPA is more likely to be suitable where:
- there is sufficient roof or land area in good condition, with limited shading and safe access for installation and maintenance
- the business has consistent electricity demand during daylight hours, allowing solar power to be used on site rather than exported
- the existing electrical infrastructure can accommodate a solar connection without significant upgrades
- the business expects to occupy the site for the duration of the agreement, or has the ability to assign the contract if circumstances change
- planning, landlord consent and health and safety requirements can be met without undue complexity
Sites that operate mainly overnight, have highly constrained roofs, or face uncertain occupancy may find a solar PPA less effective, or may need to consider alternative approaches.
This kind of initial sense-check can help determine whether it is worth progressing to a more detailed technical and commercial assessment.
Integrating solar with commercial energy management
Installing solar is one part of an energy strategy, but understanding how that generation performs in context is equally important. Many organisations now integrate onsite solar data into a central business energy management platform to monitor:
- Real-time generation versus consumption
- Grid import reduction
- Cost avoidance over time
- Carbon impact across sites
Through platforms such as the Optimise Portal, businesses can track solar performance alongside wider energy consumption, giving operational and finance teams clearer insight into how onsite generation contributes to overall cost control and carbon reporting, and maximise the ROI of solar PPA contracts.
Why is a Solar PPA right for your business?
Solar Power Purchase Agreements offer UK businesses a powerful tool to access renewable energy without the burden of upfront costs. These agreements not only contribute to environmental sustainability but also provide immediate cost savings and long-term energy stability.
As the world transitions towards a greener future, solar PPA solutions are paving the way for businesses to become leaders in sustainable practices while simultaneously boosting their bottom line. Consider exploring the potential of Solar PPAs for your business and take a step towards a brighter, more sustainable future.
FAQs
Is a solar PPA the same as leasing solar panels?
No. A solar PPA is an agreement to buy electricity, not to lease equipment. The provider owns and maintains the solar system, and the business pays only for the electricity it uses.
Who owns the solar panels during the contract?
The solar PV system is owned by the PPA provider for the duration of the agreement. Ownership does not usually transfer unless a purchase option is exercised at the end of the term.
Does a solar PPA replace our existing electricity supplier?
No. A solar PPA runs alongside an existing grid supply contract. When solar generation is not sufficient to meet demand, electricity is imported from the grid as normal.
What happens if we use less electricity than expected?
The business pays only for the electricity it actually consumes from the solar system, based on meter readings. Systems are typically sized to match expected demand, but actual usage will always vary.
Can we buy the solar panel system later?
Many PPAs include end-of-term or early buyout options. The terms and pricing for these options are defined in the contract and should be reviewed carefully before signing.
What happens if we sell the building or move site?
Solar PPAs are tied to a specific site. Contracts usually include provisions covering assignment, change of control or early termination. These scenarios should be discussed upfront, particularly where long-term occupancy is uncertain.
How long does installation usually take?
Once approvals are in place, installation itself is typically completed in weeks rather than months. Overall timelines vary depending on site complexity, grid requirements and planning considerations.
How is performance monitored?
Solar systems are usually monitored remotely, with performance data used for reporting and fault detection. Contracts typically define performance expectations and how underperformance is addressed.